This article addresses the current management of late posttraumatic enophthalmos. In this article, the authors describe surgically relevant orbital anatomy and oculo-orbital relations, the pathophysiology of enophthalmos, clinical and radiologic findings, decision-making in management, and surgical treatment. The authors attempt to cover some of the main challenges and recent advances in the management of late posttraumatic enophthalmos, including intraoperative navigation and patient-specific implants.

Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery®Editors:
Editor-in-Chief:Kevin Chung, MD
Co-Editor:Amy Colwell, MD
Section Editors:John Y.S. Kim, MD

Intended Audience
This educational activity is intended for all CME-related persons including plastic surgery practitioners, residents, and other healthcare professionals.

Learning Objectives
After viewing this course, the participant should be able to:

1. Describe the orbital anatomy and completely understand the important compoDents relevant to surgical correction of enophthalmos, including oculo-orbito relations.
2. Understand the pathophysiology and predictive factors for posttraumatic enophthalmos and identify the challenges associated with correction of enophthalmos in the late setting.
3. Develop a surgical plan for late enophthalmos repair and understand the value and utility of osteotomies, intraoperative navigation, and patient-specific implants.
4. Discuss the expected outcomes, possible complications, and adjunctive surgery as related to late enophthalmos repair.

Accreditation
The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

Designation
The ASPS designates this enduring material for a maximum of1.0AMA PRA Category 1 Credit. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Recognition Statement

The Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits offered by this activity are enhanced by ASPS Learner Credit Reportingfor learners who have opted into this reporting. Successful completion of this CME activity enables active American Board of Surgery (ABS) members the opportunity to earn credit toward the CME requirement of the ABS's Continuous Certification program when claimed within 30 days of completion of the activity.

Participants in ASPS-accredited education who want their CME credits reported to certifying and state licensing boards must opt-into reporting and add their NPI as well as state license ID and/or collaborating board ID(s) before claiming credit.